Vol: 14, Issue: 1 2024

Page: 101-120

Impact of Agricultural Diversification and Modernization on Farmers' Income and Rural Development: A Study in the Context of Bihar

Dr. Kumari Vandana

Received Date: 2024-01-19

Accepted Date: 2024-02-28

Published Date: 2024-03-22

https://doi.org/10.37648/ijtbm.v14i01.013

The agriculture of Bihar is currently going through a transitional phase, where the state has made significant progress in moving away from the traditional rice-wheat based system towards agricultural diversification and modernization. This study analyzes the impact of agricultural diversification and modernization on farmers' income and rural development in the context of Bihar. The study defines agricultural diversification not only as crop expansion but also emphasizes multiple sources of income through activities such as animal husbandry, fisheries, horticulture, and other high-value enterprises. Agricultural modernization includes the effects of modern mechanization, irrigation techniques, high-yield seeds, bio-fertilizers, and digital agricultural technologies.

References

• Bihar Agriculture Department Report, 2020. Department of Agriculture, Government of Bihar.
• Bihar Agriculture Roadmap, 2017–22. Department of Agriculture, Government of Bihar.
• Bihar Economic Survey, 2021. Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of Bihar.
• Birthal, P. S., Joshi, P. K., & Gulati, A. (2015). Agricultural diversification in India: Status, determinants, and policy implications. IFPRI Discussion Paper.
• FAO. (2020). Horticulture Statistics and Global Trade Report. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
• FAO. (2020). The State of Food and Agriculture 2020. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
• ICAR. (2018). Annual Report 2017–18. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
• ICAR. (2020). Horticultural Crops in India: State-wise Performance. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
• JEEViKA Bihar (2021). Rural Livelihoods and Women Empowerment.
• JEEViKA Bihar, 2021. Empowerment and Rural Livelihoods of Women, Bihar Rural Livelihoods Project.
• Joshi, P. K., Gulati, A., Birthal, P. S., & Tewari, L. (2004). Agriculture diversification in South Asia: Patterns, determinants, and policy implications. Economic and Political Weekly, 39(24), 2457–2467.
• Joshi, P. K., Gulati, A., Birthal, P. S., & Tewari, L. (2007). Agricultural Diversification in South Asia: Beyond Food Security. International Food Policy Research Institute.
• NABARD (2020). Annual Report on Agricultural Credit and Rural Development, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development.
• NFBDB. (2019). Annual Report on Fisheries Development in India. National Fisheries Development Board, Hyderabad.
• National Horticulture Mission, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, 2018.
• NITI Aayog. (2017). Doubling Farmers’ Income by 2022: Strategy Paper. Government of India, New Delhi.
• NITI Aayog. (2020). Agriculture and Allied Sectors in India: Status and Prospects. Government of India, New Delhi.
• NITI Aayog. (2020). Agriculture and Rural Economy of India: Report. New Delhi.
• Planning Commission, 2004. Report of National Commission on Agriculture, Government of India.
• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY), Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, Government of India, 2020.
• Sharma, R. (2018). “Crop Insurance and Risk Management in Indian Agriculture.” Economic and Political Weekly, 53(6), 45–52.
• Singh, R. K., Kumar, S., & Mishra, A. (2019). Livelihood patterns and smallholder agriculture in Bihar. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 32(1), 45–56.
• कृषि विभाग, बिहार सरकार. (2017). कृषि रोडमैप 2017–22. पटना।
• राष्ट्रीय कृषि आयोग. (2004). अंतिम रिपोर्ट. भारत सरकार, नई दिल्ली।
• e-NAM Portal, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, 2021.